Fall, 2003. Instructor: David J. Eck. Tuesdays and Thursdays 8:45--10:10 AM Room Eaton 110
The title of this course is Mind and Machine: Natural and Artificial Intelligence. In it, we will encounter some fundamental questions about the nature of mind and intelligence. We will approach the question of intelligence from two directions: through questions about the physical workings of the human brain (natural intelligence); and through the work that has been done since the 1950s trying to make computers "think," or at least to act as if they can think (artificial intelligence).
It is almost sixty years since the first computers were invented, and it is just about that long since the first speculations about the possibility that computers can display artificial intelligence. In spite of early predictions that computers would soon display human-level intelligence, computer scientists are still far short of that goal. During the same time period, a lot has been learned about human intelligence and the physical functioning of the brain. But in this field too, deep questions remain about the nature of consciousness and the source of emotion and even about the way that people perform such seemingly effortless tasks as recognizing the face of a friend.
In this course, we'll look at the history of the search for computer intelligence, and the difficulties that have been encountered. We'll discuss philosophical arguments for and against the possibility of such intelligence. And we will examine biological intelligence and the relationship between mind and machine. Although the course will deal with computers and the way they work, this is not a technical computer science course. We will not use computers, except possibly in a few demonstrations, and you will learn only enough about how they work to understand the rest of the course. In fact, the main thrust of the course is more philosophical than anything else, with side trips into neuroscience, psychology, and cognitive science, as well as computer science.
The big questions are: Can a machine think? What is the nature of human thought? What is the relationship between Mind and Machine? We will not answer these questions.
Here are short descriptions of the texts that you will buy for the course, in the order in which we will be using them. You will be asked to read most of the material in these books, although some parts will be skipped.
The Mind's I: Fantasies and Reflections on Self and Soul, edited by Douglas Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett. A collection of essays and short stories that relate to the question, "What is the mind?" One of the things in this book is an edited version of Alan Turing's 1950 paper, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." This is one of the first papers written about Artificial Intelligence, and it will be the first reading in the course. We will read other selections from this book at the beginning of the course and throughout the term.
The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language, by Steven Pinker. Language is one of the most fundamental aspects of human intelligence, and it has long been a goal of Artificial Intelligence to make computers "understand" human language. This books looks at the question of how people use and understand language. It argues that our language ability is a product of evolution, and that it can be explained in terms of the structure and function of various parts of the brain.
ROBOT: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind, by Hans Moravec. The author, a robotics researcher at Carnegie Mellon University, is a true believer in artificial intelligence. He believes that people are in fact machines and that as computers increase in power they will inevitably become as intelligent as people. In fact, he believes that they will grow beyond us and replace us.
On the Internet, by Hubert Dreyfus. Dreyfus is one of the most famous critics of the artificial intelligence project. He believes that AI will never succeed (at least using its traditional approach to the problem) and furthermore that belief in AI is dehumanizing and dangerous because it can make people think of themselves as machines. In this recent and rather short book, he applies his ideas to trends in education and use of the Internet.
Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are, by Joseph LeDoux. This is a book about the physical structure and functioning of the brain and how it relates to thought, emotion, and consciousness.
Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software, by Steven Johnson. "Emergence" refers to the way that complex behavior can emerge from the interaction of large numbers of simple parts or entities. In the last ten years of so, some people have begun to believe that the right approach to AI is not to program intelligence but to let it emerge from a suitably designed system of simple components. This is the "Artificial Life" approach to AI. This book is a popular account of emergence.
Your major individual work for this course will be three papers. The third paper, which I will expect to be a little longer than the other two, will be submitted at the end of the term in place of a final exam. You will be given a chance to rewrite each of the first two papers, if you aren't satisfied with the first grade that you get. These three papers together will count for 50% of your grade, with each of the first two papers counting 15% and the third paper counting 20%.
In addition to the three individual papers, you will work with a partner on a project that will involve another paper and a class presentation. For this project, you will read all or part of a book (or, for one of the projects, watch some movies). You and your partner will have charge of the class for one period in which you present your project and lead a class discussion on it. Part of the presentation will be a paper about the project. The paper will be distributed to the class as part of the official readings for the course. I have tentatively selected the following works for this project:
I will have more information for you about this project early in the term. The project, including paper and presentation, will count for 20% of the course grade.
There will be quizzes which will be given occasionally at the beginning of class. Most of the quizzes will be unannounced and will be on assigned reading that we have not yet discussed in class. I will try to ask questions that you should be able to answer after a reasonably attentive reading of the material. The quizzes will count for 15% of the course grade.
The final 15% of the grade will be based on class participation.
Attendance is required. This includes getting to class on time. If you have a good reason for missing a class and if you know in advance that you will have to miss a class, please let me know about it in advance. If something comes up that you don't know about in advance, such as illness, let me know as soon as possible. Any absence for which you don't have a good excuse will lower your grade for the course.
When you miss a class for any reason, I will ask you to do some kind of work as a substitute. For example, I might ask you to turn in a written report on the reading for the day that you miss, or I might give you a magazine article to read and ask you to report on it to the class.
My office is room 301 in Lansing Hall. My office phone extension is 3398. I am on campus most days, and you are welcome to come in anytime you can find me there. I will announce office hours as soon as my schedule is determined, but note that your office visits are not restricted to my regular office hours.
My email address is eck@hws.edu. Email is good way to communicate with me, since I usually answer messages within a day of receiving them. I will expect you to be able to receive email at your HWS email address. If you do not use your HWS email account, please arrange to have your HWS email forwarded to the account that you do use. You can do this at: https://campus.hws.edu/doit/helpdesk/email/forward.asp
The Web site for this course is http://math.hws.edu/eck/fys198. During the term, I will post assignments and other information about the course on this page.
Before the first day of class on Tuesday, September 2, you should buy the book The Mind's I, and you should read the article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," by Alan Turing, on pages 53 to 67. If you cannot get the book in time, you can find the complete article on the web at http://www.abelard.org/turpap/turpap.htm. (The complete version has a few sections that are not reproduced in The Mind's I, including the rather technical fourth and fifth sections.) There will be a few additional readings for the second day of class, including at least Chapter 5 from The Mind's I.
Here is a tentative schedule of major readings for the rest of the term. This is subject to change, but it will give you some idea of the schedule. You should do the reading before class on the date listed. Most of the items here are long readings that you should do before a Tuesday class. There will be additional shorter readings for Thursday classes.
Welcome to the Colleges and to the course!